Ce que (vs ce qui) = what/which (French Relative Pronouns)

Take the fastest path to fluent French

Relative pronouns refer to something previously mentioned. In French, the equivalent of what/which can be ce que

Learn about the French relative pronoun ce que

These examples show how ce que is used:

Je fais ce que je veux.I do what I want.

Lise pense à ce qu'il lui a dit.Lise thinks about what he told her.

Tu ne devineras jamais ce que Paul a fait!You will never guess what Paul did!

Il croit ce que la télé lui raconte.He believes what the TV tells him.

 

When to use ce que instead of ce qui

The pattern to spot is that we use ce que when the next word is a subject pronoun (je/tu/il etc.) or a noun.
 
Note that ce que becomes ce qu' in front of a vowel or a mute h.

Contrast this with ce qui - notice the words immediately following:
 
Il a gagné la course, ce qui est impressionnant.He won the race, which is amazing.
 
Je ne sais pas ce qui m'arrive.I don't know what is happening to me.
 
 

When to use ce qui or ce que versus qui or que

In cases where ce qui / ce que would also be translated by which in English, you need to ask yourself: What is que/qui/ce que/ce qui referring to?

If it refers to a noun (expressed before), then you will use que/qui.

If it refers to the whole part of the sentence, the whole idea, then it will be ce que/ce qui.

Mes plantes, que j'arrose tous les jours, sont très belles.My plants, which I water every day, are very beautiful.

Here que refers to plants.

J'aime les bananes, ce que tu trouves fascinant.I love bananas, which you find fascinating.

Here ce que refers to the whole fact that I love bananas, not just to the bananas.

ATTENTION: Case of quoi

Quoi will be used when what is followed by an infinitive = "what to do, what to think...":

Je ne sais pas quoi faire.I don't know what to do.

Il se demande quoi choisir.He's wondering what to choose.

Want to make sure your French sounds confident? We’ll map your knowledge and give you free lessons to focus on your gaps and mistakes. Start your Brainmap today »

Learn more about these related French grammar topics

Examples and resources

Tu ne devineras jamais ce que Paul a fait!You will never guess what Paul did!
Il croit ce que la télé lui raconte.He believes what the TV tells him.
Je fais ce que je veux.I do what I want.
Lise pense à ce qu'il lui a dit.Lise thinks about what he told her.
Tu ne comprends pas ce que je t'explique.You don't understand what I'm explaining to you.
J'aime les bananes, ce que tu trouves fascinant.I love bananas, which you find fascinating.
I'll be right with you...